![]() ![]() Several diabetes models in USA have been used to describe disease progression and compare the cost effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies: the CORE diabetes model, the University of Michigan model for diabetes, the Swedish Institute of Health Economics model otherwise known as the Economics and Health Outcomes in T2DM Model, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) outcomes model, the Centers for Disease Control-Research Triangle Institute diabetes cost-effectiveness model, the Cardiff Research Consortium model, and several others. Models also better profile the risk of patients so that more healthcare resources can be effectively allocated to those with more health needs. Prediction models can help to develop sophisticated and well-designed diabetes management strategies. In the ‘bigdata’ era, this is possible using outcome-driven and evidence-based diabetes management. To better manage the growing T2DM population in an environment of constrained healthcare resources, systemwide improvement and redesign are necessary. The most frequent diabetes-related microvascular events include retinopathy (e.g., edema, blindness), nephropathy, and neuropathy. The most common diabetes-related macrovascular events include myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), and stroke. A majority of the diabetes-related costs were the result of micro/macrovascular complication events. In 2012, patients with T2DM incurred 20% of total healthcare expenditures in USA, more than half of which was attributable to treating diabetes and its complications. The total costs of diabetes increased approximately 41% from US$174 billion in 2007 to US$245 billion in 2012. This increase in the T2DM population has led to dramatically increased costs in managing diabetes. The overall prevalence of diabetes in USA is projected to reach to 21% in 2050. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in USA has risen from 4.21% (12.1 million) in 2002 to 9.1% in 2012.
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